Functional groups can have decisive influence on the chemical and physical properties of organic compounds. A functional group is a molecular module, and the reactivity of that functional group is assumed, within limits, to be the same in a variety of molecules. The concept of functional groups is central in organic chemistry, both as a means to classify structures and for predicting properties. Georganics Active Biopharma AbaChemScene Life Technologies, Applied Biosystems, Ambion Bhaskar Lab, Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University Meiler Lab, Vanderbilt University Anward Anitha, Department of Bioinformatics, Karpagam University Chembase.cn InfectX Consortium NextMove Software 4C Pharma. Try the new PubChem Search.

Most functional groups feature heteroatoms(atoms other than C and H). All alcohols tend to be somewhat hydrophilic, usually form esters, and usually can be converted to the corresponding halides. Alcohols, for example, all have the subunit C-O-H.

There are three basic types of structure that they are classified in: the linear straight-chain alkanes, branched alkanes, and also cycloalkanes. Substances consisting entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lacking functional groups are called alkanes. Number the parent chain starting from the highest priority group and add the substituent (s) alphabetically: It is also noteworthy that if there is a functional. Treat the ketone as a substituent and remember those are added with a prefix oxo.

They are unsaturated compounds that contain at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. General formula: C nH 2n+2, n>2.The HTML version of IUPAC Blue Book Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979 and A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds.Alkenes area class of hydrocarbons that contain only carbon and hydrogens. Alkanes that have a ring or cyclic structure are called cyclic alkanes, while those that are without are called acyclic. An alkane is also called saturated hydrocarbon because the compound has only single bonds between the atoms.

The hydroxyl functional group strongly contributes to the physical properties of alcohols.Compounds in which a hydroxyl group is bonded to an aromatic ring are called phenols. The most important example is benzene, the structure of which was formulated by KekulГ© who first proposed the delocalization or resonance principle for explaining its structure.Alcohols are molecules containing the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) that is bonded to carbon atom of an alkylor substituted alkyl. This means that every carbon atom in the ring is sp 2 hybridized, allowing for added stability. They are unsaturated hydrocarbons.Benzene is one of the best-known aromatic compounds as it is one of the simplest and most stable aromatics.Aromatic hydrocarbons contain conjugateddouble bonds. They are written in the empirical formula of C nH 2n-2.

Ethers are treated as alkanes and are named as alkoxyalkanes.Amines are derivatives of ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogens has been replaced by an alkyl or aryl group.Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds which contain a carbonyl group - a carbon-oxygen double bond.The carboxyl functional group that characterizes the carboxylic acids is unusual in that it is composed of two functional groups: (1) the carboxyl group and (2) of a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbonyl group. These compounds are used in dye, perfumes, oils, waxes and industrial use. They have the formula R-O-R', with R's being the alkyl groups.

Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, replicating DNA, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another.Nucleic acids are polymeric macromolecules, or large biological molecules, essential for all known forms of life. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids.Proteins are large biological molecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more chains of amino acid residues. The general formula of an ester is RCOOR'.Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds composed of amine (-NH 2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid.

If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA.Lipids are a large and diverse group of naturally occurring organic compounds that are related by their solubility in nonpolar organic solvents (e.g. If the sugar is deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA. Each nucleotide has three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Thermodynamics is used to relate bulk properties of substances to each other, so that measurements of one may be used to deduce the value of another. Thermodynamic techniques and analyses are also used to elucidate the tendency of physical processes (such as vaporization) and chemical reactions to reach equilibrium вЂ” the condition when there is no further net tendency to change. Although this study might seem remote from chemistry, in fact it is vital to the study of how chemical reactions yield work and heat. Thermodynamics is the study of transformations of energy.

The bridge between thermodynamics and structural studies is called statistical thermodynamics, in which bulk properties of substances are interpreted in terms of the properties of their constituent molecules. The scattering of neutrons, in inelastic neutron scattering, gives detailed information about the motion of molecules in liquids. Diffraction studies, particularly x-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction studies provide detailed information about the shapes of molecules, and x-ray diffraction studies are central to almost the whole of molecular biology. The detailed, quantitative interpretation of molecular and solid-state structure is based in quantum theory and its use in the interpretation of the nature of the chemical bond. The enormously powerful technique of nuclear magnetic resonance is now ubiquitous in chemistry. Microwave spectroscopy is used to monitor the rotations of molecules infrared spectroscopy is used to study their vibrations and visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy is used to study electronic transitions and to infer details of electronic structures.

Electrochemistry is the study of how chemical reactions can produce electricity and how electricity can drive chemical reactions in 'reverse' directions (electrolysis). Thermochemistry is a branch of thermodynamics its focus is the heat generated or required by chemical reactions. Chemical kinetics is also concerned with the detailed mechanisms by which a reaction takes place, the sequences of elementary processes that convert reactants into products, including chemical reactions at solid surfaces (such as electrodes).There are further subdivisions of these major fields.

Techniques are available that allow investigators to study collisions between individual molecules.Physical chemistry is essential to understanding the other branches of chemistry. One goal is to understand the course of reactions in step-by-step (and atomic) detail. Chemical kinetics studies are theoretical as well as experimental. Special techniques for studying atomic and molecular processes on ever shorter time scales are being developed, and physical chemists are now able to explore reactions on a femtosecond (10 в€’15 second) timescale. Chemical kinetics has divisions that are based on the rates of reaction being studied.

Organic Chemistry Naming Compounds